Judicial Discretion and Jurisprudence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2634 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Jurisprudence Essay Did you like this example? Moral questions impact the law at every corner. A rigid separation between morality, law, and discretion is implausible and, as Wacks defines it, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an improbable enterprise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] In theory and in practice, the judiciary functions as the crux of the common law in Hong Kong. It is therefore in judicial discretion that the perception of law is segregated into two main schools of thought: legal naturalism and positivism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Judicial Discretion and Jurisprudence" essay for you Create order The naturalistic claim that the very essence of law is its morality is contrasted by the positivistic allegation of a moral-free code of law. This essay explores judicial discretion in Hong Kong under each discipline and argues that the naturalistic approach is more coherent and justifiable under three accounts: constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability. In pursuit of a thorough analysis, the definitions of law, morality, and discretion must first be interpreted. I emphasize the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to give light to the complexity in sufficiently defining said terms. Law, as H.L.A. Hart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the most prominent modern positivist in the twentieth century[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" declares, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a system ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social rules that direct and appraise behavior.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] In my words, law is defined as the social phenomenon that establishes guidelines and restrictions for human b ehavior. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a code of conduct, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] As per my opinion then, morality is an unwritten and objective code of conduct that the community generally abides to. Lastly, Westen states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“discretion meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an area within which the discretion-holder has authority to adopt, or not to adopt, whatever rule he deems fit.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] Discretion, in this sense, describes the power of an authority to exercise his/her decision in accordance to rules and laws. It is noted that these definitions are, at best, elementary to the intricacies underlying the colossal concepts of law, morality, and discretion; thus, to narrow the scope, I approach these concepts with a focus within the Hong Kong jurisdiction. The lineage of debates between naturalism and positivism in jurisprudence have extended over centuries. Essentially, naturalism provides that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“act of positing lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can and should be guided by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ principles and rules; that those moral norms are a matter of objective reasonableness, not of whim, convention, or mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The judicial process, under a naturalistic approach, present the judges with the duty to ensure moral foundations are met. Dworkin calls it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : It supposes that lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constraints benefit society not just by providing predictability or procedural fairness, or in some other instrumental way, but by securing a kind of equality among citizens that makes their community more genuine and improve its moral justification for exercising the political power it does.[7] The modern advocacy of positivism, however, denies moral considerations in exercising discretion; as Hart declares: The rule-making authority must exercise a discretion, and there is no possibility of treating the question raised by the various cases as if there were one uniquely correct answer to be found, as distinct from an answer which is a reasonable compromise between conflicting interests.[8] Thus, Hart identifies a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] in its positivistic model to establish that the considerations of judicial discretion are only whether compliance with the legal systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s criteria of valid laws are met. In other words, in exercising positivistic discretion under the rule of recognition, the judiciary decides whether or not the law is valid according to the criteria enacted by legislature or unwritten societal compliance, but not to the extent of moral contemplations. Within context of Hong Kong, I argue that the naturalistic approach is evidenced by its constitutional checks and balances and must be so in the preservation of the common la w system. The immediate challenge in exercising discretion post-1997 between Dworkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law as integrityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] and Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] is embedded in HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwa-n David[12]. The Court of Appeal is vested with decisions in the maintenance of the common law system and the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong courts to question the legality of laws and decisions enacted by the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPC). To declare that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regional courts have no jurisdiction to query the validity of any legislation or acts passed by the sovereignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], the Court of Appeal signals that judicial discretion exercised the positivistic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to establish that although unsettling to the libertarian moral values embodied in the rule of law, the only concern is whether the compliance with the cr iteria of valid laws are met.[14] Under a purely positivistic approach then, no court shall exercise its discretion to safeguard the liberty in the rule of law. Yet, in Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration[15], the learned Chief Justice Li overturns the decision of the Court of Appeal in Ma Wai Kwan David[16], asserting that In exercising their judicial power conferred by the Basic Law, the courts of the Region have a duty to enforce and interpret that Law. They undoubtedly have the jurisdiction to examine whether legislation enacted by the legislature of the Region or acts of the executive authorities of the Region are consistent with the Basic Law and, if found to be inconsistent, to hold them to be invalid.[17] The constitutional check of the executive branch, the legislative council, and even the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s congress was a matter not of positivistic decision, but of a naturalistic discretion to uphold the morality of freedoms in the rule of law. It i s with principles of fundamental libertarian rights that the courts exercise its discretion, and thus adopt adherence to a moral code of conduct. Though the subsequent referral to the Standing Committee of the National Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress (NPCSC) under Article 158[18] inevitably undermines the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discretion, judges continue to resist the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to protect the underlying principles of fairness in the moral code of conduct, as recognized by Bokhary PJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissenting opinion in Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration[19]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Hong Kong where we aspire to be humane as well as orderly, it is plain that the Director would have been duty-bound at least to read the applications to see if they or any one or more of them disclosed a strongand obvious case for a favourable exercise on humanitarian grounds of his discretion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] Essentially, Bokhary PJ acknowledges that there are legal grounds of which the administrative decision-maker issues removal-orders against the respondents; however, he also believes that the decision-maker failed to exercise his discretion according to a moral code of conduct that is essential to the common law system. As observed by Wacks, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the virtues of the common law should not be exaggerated, but few will dispute that its perpetuation is a sine qua non of our liberty. This is largely because a legal system is essentially a kind of moral system.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [21] Consequently, in the preservation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s common law system, I argue that the naturalistic approach towards discretion is essential to inhabit the underlying moral principles of liberty. Dworkin outlines another element of naturalism in its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constructive interpretationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [22] by which the concept of law does not adhere the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intuition at face value (as Hart cl aims), but embodies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“great network of political structures and decisions of his communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]. Moral principles of an individual judge can be skewed, and thus to discover and apply the morality of the community as a whole, law is interpreted constructively through legislation and precedents. A judge shall then exercise his/her discretion, in the sacrifice of his/her personal moral perception, to adhere to the communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s moral code to enact new precedents and laws.[24] The significance of constructive interpretation in maintaining the Hong Kong common law system is overwhelming. In the event that judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal morals are vested in his/her judgment, individual rights become fragile. Hong Kong courts have long abided to the common lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tradition of protecting rights[25], and to now shatter these rights in a positivistic approach would be unfathomable. Should the concepts of law, morality, and disc retion stand alone as positivism suggests, then in my opinion, the common law will be driven out of Hong Kong. To maintain the common law system as per the intent of Article 8[26], the naturalistic approach of moral accountability in constructive interpretations of the judiciary branch must be practiced. Lastly, the stance of judicial accountability is subjected to two interpretations. Under Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s positivistic procedural standard, he declares that justice consists in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"treating like cases alikeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27]. Therefore, a judge is held accountable in his/her discretion in impartiality of treating cases alike. Yet, there are situations in which unjust laws may call for judicial discretion on the basis of morality. R M Hare illustrates this in his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“two-level structure of moral thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Let us suppose that a judge is asked to justify his sentencing a convicted prisoner. He can answer first at the intuitive leve l, pointing that the prima facie principles have been observedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. If the laws themselves are questioned, the judge can refer the questioner to the legislature, together with the sound prima facie principle that the judges should not depart from what is laid down by statute If he is asked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why these principles? He will have to appeal to critical thinking[28] Within the context of Hong Kong, judges are held accountable to Article 89[29], in which it is stipulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ may only be removed for inability to discharge his or her duties, or for misbehavior, by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of a tribunal appointed by the Chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal and consisting of not fewer than three local judges.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [30] The question that arises then is whether or not the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duties held accountable to the basis of morality. I argue that it is in fact so as evidenced by the ea rly resignation of Chief Justice Andrew Li Kwok-nang. In controversy over the Court of Final Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s submission to the NPCSC interpretation in Ng Ka Ling[31], the learned Chief Justice Li was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“criticized for his ignorance of the social impact of the court judgment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [32] According to a local newspaper, Shiu Sin-por, the director of the One Country Two Systems Institute, even suggested that Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s court judges should embody the principles of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one country, two systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by considering the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“general interest of the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social consequences of the judgments.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [33] One commentator of a different newspaper even added that: As the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, Li Kwok-nang cannot escape the responsibility that his judgment on January 29 brought about the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strong attack and thus endan gering the foundation of Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judicial independence. As a judge, he has no political responsibility. But as the judiciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chief, he should shoulder the political responsibility of his mistake. His resignation could establish a model for the legal elite and successors to maintain judicial independence and to confront the central governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interference. If he does not resign, his fifteen years of office will have great difficulties.[34] The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surprise resignationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [35] of Chief Justice Li indicates that he was held morally accountable through the voices of the community for his discretion in Ng Ka Ling[36], and in failure to defend the moral code of liberty in the society, it was inevitable that he must resign. That is to a moral consideration under naturalism that Chief Justice Li was held accountable to, and not a positivistic duty to ensure procedural fairness and impartiality. Consequen tly, it is with confidence that I conclude that law, morality, and discretion are interconnected in Hong Kong under a naturalistic school of thought, and must continue to do so in the preservation of the common law system. In a constitutional quest for the autonomy of Hong Kong, the judiciary strives to exercise its discretion in protecting the principles and policies of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairness, equality, and justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [37] in our legal system. As a result, under the evidence found in constitutional checks, constructive interpretation, and moral accountability, the three concepts of law, morality, and discretion cannot and must not stand alone. Works Cited Table of Cases HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 Table of Legislation The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Republic of Ch ina Secondary Sources R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000) M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994) Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/ P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987) Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988) P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights i n Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981) S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008) Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge 1 [1] R Wacks,Law, Morality, and the Private Domain(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000), p 1 [2] M H Kramer, C Grant, B Colburn, and A Hatzistarou, The Legacy of H.L.A.: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p xiii [3] H L A Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd Ed., Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994), p xiii. [4] Gert, Bernard, The Definition of Morality,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(edn), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition/. [5] P Westen, The Meaning of Equality in Law, Science, Math, and Morals: A Reply, 81 Mich. L. Rev. 604, 642 (1983) [6] J M Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p 290 [7] R Dworkin, Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Empire (London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1987), p 95-96 [8] H L A Hart (n 3), p 210 [9] H L A Hart (n 3), p 200 [10] R Dworkin (n 7), p 95-96 [11] H L A Hart (n 3 ), p 200 [12] HKSAR v Ma Wai Kwan David [1997] 2 HKC 315 [13] Ibid, 334 [14] R Wacks (n 1), p 7 [15] Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration [1999] 1 HKC 291 [16] Ma Wai Kwan David (n 12) [17] Ng Ka Ling (n 15), 322-323 [18] The Basic Law, Art 158 [19] Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration [1999] 4 HKC 731 [20] Ibid, 754-755 [21] R Wacks (n 1), p 4 [22] Dworkin (n 7), p 52 [23] Ibid [24] Simon Lee, Judging Judges (London: Faber Faber, 1988), p 30 [25] P Wesley-Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Protecting Human Rights in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Human Rights in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992) [26] The Basic Law, Art 8 [27] H L A Hart (n 3), p 155-157 [28] R M Hare, Moral Thinking Its Levels, Method and Point (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981), p 159 [29] The Basic Law, Art 89 [30] Ibid [31] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [32] S Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008), p 85 [33] Ming Pao, 26 May 1999, p. A9, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [34] Wong On-yin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is wise for Li Kwok-nang to resignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Apple Daily, June 28, 1999, D1, as translated by S Shiu-Hing Lo (n 32) [35]A Wong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers Endorse Geoffrey Ma As Top Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2010 https://www.scmp.com/article/716689/lawmakers-endorse-geoffrey-ma-top-judge [36] Ng Ka Ling (n 15) [37] R Wacks (n 1), p 4

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Company Its Overall Strategy Are Understoodâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

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Background: The history of Woolworths began in the year 1924 in the year 5th December. In Sydneys Imperial Arcade, the Woolworths Stupendous Bargain Basement opened for its business. It was in the year 1927 that the second store opened making it a chain. In New Zealand, the first Woolworths store was opened in 1929. By the year 1930, the company has 16 stores in New South Wales, Western Australia as well as Queensland. Despite the depression years and the problems accompanied with it the company continued to flourish. The first ever food stores of the company were launched in the 1950s. The next few years saw the company becoming one of Australias favourite liquor retailers. In the year 1964, the company opened its own Quality Assurance Laboratory. It was opened to ensure that the company meets the needs of the customers and there is no scope for complaint. 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Internal Training: The initial development of the training process was supported by a consulting company on process modelling and improvement. The companys process design team has developed the relevant material and incorporated it into the Woolworths Limited training curriculum (Jie, Parton Chan, 2015). Governance: The consulting team as well as the companys process design team co-developed a specific approach to ensure the process work value is maintained as the organisations valuable asset. There has also been a defined governance which has been established to provide accuracy, consistency as well as relevance of the material which is process related (King Thobela, 2014). Communication: The business is engaged by the process design team to communicate the benefits of an organisation which is process centric as well as facilitate application of process approach to the projects. Process improvement methodology: An appropriate process improvement methodology was developed by the company and the Woolworths Academy gave training and mentoring to the appropriate personnel (Chandrasekaran Raghuram, 2014). Process centric benchmarking: Cross divisional assessment required process centric benchmarking and hence the company developed the relevant process centric approach (Cooper Vlaskovits, 2013). Capture and reuse methodology: The company implemented improved capture and reuse of the Process Intellectual Property enabling the execution of the project comparatively faster (Humayun, 2016). Strategy and objectives of the Company: The company always aims to perform in a way that the customers always put it first. In order to achieve this objective, the companys priorities are as follows: Building a store and customer led team and culture Generation of momentum of sustainable sales in Food(Visser, 2012) To evolve their drinks business in order to provide customers with more value and convenience Empowerment of portfolio business for strategy pursuance to deliver value to the shareholders Focus on becoming a lean retailer by end to end process and excellence of the systems (Gibson, Michayluk Van de Venter, 2013). The strategy of the company is simple: Developing one team Improve processes and reduce costs Develop a cohesive brand Update product offerings Refresh stores Future of business, shopping and recommendations: There has been the change in every facet of life due to the advent of mobile technology especially in case of retail. There is the access to a variety of products at different prices to all types of customers. The customer base of the company comprises almost eighteen million. Hence it is important for the company to earn their customers loyalty (Frederick Rose, Hawryszkiewycz Kang, 2014). SWOT Analysis: Strengths: Great market presence Retail business understanding Value oriented business practices Efficient brand name as well as efficient operations (Chandrasekaran Raghuram, 2014) Successful own-store brands Weaknesses: Revenue losses Negligible global presence compared to competitors Late arrival to the online market Failed sustainability of competitive advantage Opportunities: Brand promotion through advertisement, sponsorship and advertising Seeking growth through strategic acquisitions as well as franchise models in emerging economies (Humayun, 2016) Threats: Increase in the raw material costs from both food as well as non-food impacts Possibility of economic recession hindering the overall growth strategy of opening more stores(Cooper Vlaskovits, 2013) More competition from international companies. Table 1: SWOT Analysis Summary and Conclusion: The Woolworths Limited company is immensely popular and has achieved success in several areas of business which are important for any organisation which included the development of the process framework. Several projects at the company and their scope have been assisted by the frameworks. Detailed analysis of the implementation of information systems with a specific division is carried out at specific time intervals. Clarity is provided within the project work conducted and impacts which can be changed for both the roles as well as the systems is provided. Attention was also brought towards the overall process flow for system as well as non-system oriented functions. As a result, sound decisions were made regarding the deployment strategy as well as implementation of the project. Sessions of communication which were more or less regular were conducted with senior representatives of Woolworths different divisions to ensure proper communication. Information provided to the goal of Business Process management as to the utilisation of assets across the divisions was completed. References: Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Chandrasekaran, N., Raghuram, G. (2014).Agribusiness Supply Chain Management. CRC Press. Cooper, B., Vlaskovits, P. (2013).The lean entrepreneur: How visionaries create products, innovate with new ventures, and disrupt markets. John Wiley Sons. Frederick Rose, J., Hawryszkiewycz, I., Kang, K. (2014). When and how to facilitate the introduction of new knowledge processes in organisations.VINE: The journal of information and knowledge management systems,44(2), 210-227. Gibson, R. J., Michayluk, D., Van de Venter, G. (2013). Financial risk tolerance: An analysis of unexplored factors.Financial Services Review. Humayun, S. H. (2016). Merchandising operation of Woolworths Global Sourcing. Jie, F., Parton, K., Chan, C. (2015). Australian beef supply chain integration: case studies of the two largest Australian supermarkets.International Journal of Supply Chain and Operations Resilience,1(2), 121-138. Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, 47-81. King, L., Thobela, S. (2014). Woolworths farming for the future.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,17(B). Visser, W. (2012).Business frontiers: Social responsibility, sustainable development and economic justice. BookBaby.

The Rich Brother free essay sample

Many times family can be the source of your strength as well as your greatest weakness. The short story, The Rich Brother, by Tobias Wolff shows the issues that people all over the world confront. One of the major themes in this story is that family ties are stronger than anything else no matter what the situation is. Since Donald and Pete were children they showed certain rivalry between them. As they grew older their difference of opinion towards life went into totally opposite horizons. While Pete is a businessman with a great family, Donald stills single with not plan for life. When Pete knew that Donald was kicked out of the farm where he was living, Pete offered help to him. Pete offered hospitality until Donald finds his way. He also expresses his concern about what can happen to Donald in that long trip, so Pete comes and pick him up. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Brother or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also Pete gave some money to Donald so he can support himself for a while. On the other hand, Donald is worry about Petes view from life. Donald tries to convince him that money is not everything in life. Although that Pete used to hurt Donald when they were kids and Donald accused him of it, deep in his heart, Donald stills loving Pete. Later on we discovered that Donald gave all the money to Webster; and when Pete realize what his little brother did he gets really displeased. After their discussion Pete left Donald at the edge of the dark and lonely road. After while Pete decided to come back and pick him up again. Even though they have being separated for long time, Pete shows that sense of protection by taking care of Donald. As well as Donald takes care of him in his own way. That is what families do for their members, not matter what their strength or weaknesses are. After all, they have the same blood. The two brothers cannot live without one another. Even though they have many issues that superficially separate them, family ties are more important and stronger than any other thing.

Lutheranism and Calvinism essays

Lutheranism and Calvinism essays The just shall live by faith- St. Paul (1:11) St. Pauls letter to the Romans which is found in the bible inspired both Lutheranism and Calvinism. Both religions had two different interpretations of Pauls writings, but the theories came to both Martin Luther and John Calvin after reading it. Lutheranism was the dominant movement of the first half of the Reformation. (West. Civ., 16) Martin Luther started his revolt with the 95 Theses which were written in response to the sale of indulgences. Also Luthers theory of Justification by Faith changed many peoples views about salvation. In 1555 Luther died which later on caused the number of his followers to die down as well. However, in France, a man by the name of John Calvin followed in Luthers footsteps elaborating on Martin Luthers idea of Justification by Faith. He was the most important reformer to follow Luther. His religion, Calvinism, took over major parts of Europe during the second half of the Reformation. Both religions stressed the importance of salvation being gained by faith alone and also that the bible held the only source of the religious truth. Calvinism and Lutheranism shared some similarities but also had major differences. The beliefs about salvation differed greatly from those of John Calvin and Martin Luther. Calvin thought that God possessed power and that many humans were sinful. Calvin also thought that God planned the whole universe until the end of time. (Reformation, 386) He said that God decided whether an individual would go to heaven or not. That was John Calvins idea of Predestination; God chose who would live a life devoted to god and those who would not be able to go to heaven. To Calvinists two types of people existed; sinners and saints. His theory of Predestination was derived from Luthers theory of justification by faith. Luther believed that the justice of God is that righteousne...

Why I Choose This Profession. essays

Why I Choose This Profession. essays Everyone has a dream of something they would like to be or do when they grow up. I remember in elementary school, when my first grade teacher asked me what I wanted to do when I grew I up, I told her I wanted to work with computers. Every since I was young, computers have always fascinated me. When I was five years old my mother brought me a V-Tech computer. It wasnt really a computer, but to me it was the next best thing. Everywhere I went my V-Tech went. I not only played games on my V-Tech, but it also helped me to work on my Math and Reading Skills. One day my V-Tech didnt work anymore, so I decided to take it apart to see if I could fix it. Out of curiosity I also wanted to see how it looked inside. Even though I didnt fix it, my curiosity continued to grow, because I wanted to learn more about how computers works. One summer my mother enrolled me in a summer keyboarding class, this made me so happy, that I told my mother I would clean out the bathroom for the rest of the summer. I didnt get my first real computer until I was fifteen years old, because my parents could not afford one until then. When I entered high school, I took classes that involved computers. I took Keyboarding, Computer Technology 1 and 2. My computer is an essential part of my education. I have come to rely on my computer to help me do most of my assignments. My goal in life is to work with computers. The field of computers technology is constantly expanding and challenging. I feel that a career in computer technology will be a very promising and rewarding ...

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project - Assignment Example The best possible ways to turn profit is by expanding their income streams and implement innovative tactics to enhance their businesses1.The competitive advantage of Australian Football League can be identified by sustainable competitive advantage and value chain method. Price- some of the successful football clubs from Australian Football League are West Coast Eagles, Essendon and Collingwood Football club. The application of effective pricing strategy is vital for successful sporting club2. According to AFL Premiership, the ticket prices for season 2013 were 2.50 Australian Dollars for junior, 12 Australian Dollars for concession and 20 dollars for adults. The Collingwood Football club is one of the biggest sporting clubs in Australian Football League. The club has innovative legends packaging system which costs around 2366 dollars for family and 864 dollars for adults. This pricing strategy of the club is based on providing supporters with guarantee access to all home and away games. Features- there are several features entertained by Australian Football League. The continuation of improvement in the education program of football players, revamped online video with conferences and highlights, upgrade of facilities and introduction of several memberships options such as three game per season membership and one game membership. Quality- the quality of facilities and weekly broadcasting of live Australian Football League on Fox Footy and Fox Sports has enhanced. The Australian Football League has acknowledged the backing from Swisse Quality Club Program. This program is designed to enhance operations of every club in the league at bronze, silver and gold level. Furthermore, the clubs has increased their focus on quality of training facilities. Image- the Australian Football League is viewed as one of the largest structured sporting associations in Australia. This league reaches diverse and large number of stakeholders, spectators and

CJ403 wk2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CJ403 wk2 - Research Paper Example This is one common characteristic of white collar offenders. They are always affluent people who believe that they will get their way through illegal and fraudulent measures. These people always engage in crime in a bid to maintain their position and outlook in the society (Keel, 2008). This is one scenario that is common in most people who commit white collar crimes, they are in good high paying jobs and most of the time they are least likely to be suspected on any involvement in crimes. Another factor that is common with white collar crime offenders is the fact that on average they are in their forties (Shover and Hochstetler, 2006). This is an age that is slightly older than that of other offenders that carry out the other types of crimes. This may be attributed to the fact that people in this age group are in a rush to make money and may not be patient to follow the proper channels of doing that, thus they resolve to work related crime since they perceive that the possibility of being discovered is low. These offenders are also very highly educated and intelligent (Benson & Simpson, 2009). They are the ones that hold high positions in their places of work. This ability gives them the opportunity to understand various work structures hence using the information to carry out some fraudulent activities within the organization. In addition to this, most white collar offenders do not view themselves as criminals because crime is not their predominant activity. Therefore, they always tend to distance themselves from other groups in the same category such as organized crime offenders (Shover & Hochstetler, 2006). This is despite the fact that most white collar crime is actually planned and involve a number of people who know that what they are doing is illegal and try to cover up for it by other legal activities. Dishonesty and lack

The effects of war on a soldier Essay Example for Free

The effects of war on a soldier Essay War will never be pretty or fun. It will always be gruesome and will cause the loss of many lives. Everyone grieves over those lives that were lost, but what about the people that live? What about the people that are in the military hospitals who are now amputees? How about the ones that have psychological problems? What about those who have physical and mental issues? People are often not informed of this. One type of a mental disease is known as PTSD, there is a cause, effects, and treatment to this often carried war disease. Through out history, war has been defined as a state of open, armed, often-prolonged conflict. We have fought in these many wars over such things as oil or different beliefs. A good example would be the World War 1. Most wars the men where young, ranging from ages of eighteen to twenty-six. These are the men that got these two terrible disorders. These are where the most terrible psychological issue occurred, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The two terrific disorders PTSD and Shell Shock, may have some similar symptoms, but have completely different effects and long-term issues. PTSD results from exposure to an overwhelmingly stressful event or series of events, such as war, rape, or abuse. It is a normal response by normal people to an abnormal situation. The traumatic events that lead to PTSD are typically so extraordinary or severe that they would distress almost anyone. These events are usually sudden. A good example of how a person would get this disorder from war would be seeing your friend being killed, being in the trenches too long, and possibly the constant artillery bombings. This entire trauma that they experience will have a dramatic effect. The amygdale, a structure in the brain, is part of the limbic system that is involved in the expression of emotion, especially fear, increased heart rate and blood pressure, the startle response, and emotional memory. It is said that with long-term exposure to these traumatic experiences your brain functions are changed or altered. The area of the brain that releases chemicals to cope with stress releases chemicals like opiates. Since the subject is repeatedly exposed to this trauma, this part of the brain goes  into overdrive and keeps producing these chemicals even when it may not need them. These chemicals are suspected of causing some of the symptoms of PTSD. Dissociative states, flashbacks, intrusive emotions and memories, nightmares and night terrors avoiding emotions, relationships, responsibility for others, and avoiding situations that are reminiscent of the traumatic event often occur. Exaggerated startle reaction , explosive outbursts, Irritability, panic symptoms, and sleep disturbance also occur. These are all the symptoms of PTSD. As you can see, there are vast amount of signals or signs that people exhibit who have PTSD. Men who have PSTD caused by war, have showed more of the hyper arousal and intrusive symptoms. The reason is that you read all the time about how war veterans have flash back and how they are startled very easily. There are many types of treatments along with drugs they can take to help cope with this disorder, one being psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is used to help the victim confront these painful memories to which the memories will no longer affect the way they live. There are certain steps within this process where the therapist walks the victim through the trauma and help he/she understand the feelings. Another type of treatment is EMDR, is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Supposedly, stimulating rapid eye movement helps the victim cope and process the traumatic event. This is usually added into psychotherapy, it is rarely used alone. Along with these two treatments a lot of pharmaceutical agents are used to help the victim cope. For example, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and anti-anxiety agents can be used. Overall, PTSD is somewhat treatable but most likely the victims are going to lapse into another psychological disorder.

Macbeth: Banquos Soliloquy :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Banquo's Soliloquy In Macbeth, a play by William Shakespeare, Banquo's soliloquy at the beginning of the third act explains some of his present feeling towards Macbeth. He believes that Macbeth killed to become the King of Scotland. He explains that he is the one who will start a chain of kings, not Macbeth. Strangely enough, Banquo makes this discovery two scenes from his death, not giving him enough time to tell others the discovery. In the first three lines of the soliloquy, Banquo explains that Macbeth has become king just like the "weird women", or witches had prophesied. However, he also says that "thou play'dst most foully for't." Which basically means that he committed murder to attain it. He is Macbeth's best friend. He knows that Macbeth has the desire to be the king and would do anything to get the crown. Banquo knows Macbeth has it in him to commit murder. In the next three lines, Banquo explains that he should really be the king because the witches also proclaimed that Banquo would be the "root and father of many kings." In the line, "May they not be my oracles as well and set me up in hope?", Banquo is saying that he wants the prophesies to come true for him also and make him the king and the beginning of a long line of kings. The main idea of his soliloquy is that Banquo knows that Macbeth killed Duncan. Strangely enough, this soliloquy is placed two scenes before he died, not giving him enough time to tell anyone else about his discovery. Banquo has realized that Macbeth murdered Duncan but will die in two scenes anyway. In Banquo's soliloquy in the beginning of the third act of Macbeth, Banquo suspects that Macbeth is behind Duncan's murder. He knows this because he has been best friends with Macbeth for a long time and knows that Macbeth has

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You stated that on Saturday September 3. 2011 at exactly 0644 you received a call from Supervisor Everett Knight advising you that Kerry Petit, Field Office Manager canceling you from working the weekend due to weather.. Is that correct? 2. You further stated that you were scheduled to work at Zen-Non Sunday September 4, 2011 and you should have been called back to work when Zen-Non was allowed to work on that date. Is that correct? 3. At what number were you contacted for the cancellation on September 3, 2011? Is the number used to contact you the same number listed in the employee contact list at the field location which you were called from? How do you know? 5. How many field locations are there? 6. Did you have the opportunity to review your personnel contact number on the employee contact list at other field locations after September 4, 2011 ? Were they correct? 7. In what form is the employee contact information listed? Can you give a brief description? 8. How long have you had your current contact phone number? 9. Mr..Shepherd stated that he tried to reach you at (225) 622-3090 do you recognize this number? Do you know how old it may be? Is it current? Where do you think this number came from? 10. Who is responsible for the establishment of employee contact lists? Have you seen an old or multiple lists at any field locations? 11 . Were you ever instructed on who you should contact in the event your contact information changes? 12. Did you receive calls prior to September 4, 2011 to your contact number from the New Orleans Field Office? From who? Article You stated that on Saturday September 3. 2011 at exactly 0644 you received a call from Supervisor Everett Knight advising you that Kerry Petit, Field Office Manager canceling you from working the weekend due to weather.. Is that correct? 2. You further stated that you were scheduled to work at Zen-Non Sunday September 4, 2011 and you should have been called back to work when Zen-Non was allowed to work on that date. Is that correct? 3. At what number were you contacted for the cancellation on September 3, 2011? Is the number used to contact you the same number listed in the employee contact list at the field location which you were called from? How do you know? 5. How many field locations are there? 6. Did you have the opportunity to review your personnel contact number on the employee contact list at other field locations after September 4, 2011 ? Were they correct? 7. In what form is the employee contact information listed? Can you give a brief description? 8. How long have you had your current contact phone number? 9. Mr..Shepherd stated that he tried to reach you at (225) 622-3090 do you recognize this number? Do you know how old it may be? Is it current? Where do you think this number came from? 10. Who is responsible for the establishment of employee contact lists? Have you seen an old or multiple lists at any field locations? 11 . Were you ever instructed on who you should contact in the event your contact information changes? 12. Did you receive calls prior to September 4, 2011 to your contact number from the New Orleans Field Office? From who?

Analyse different types of business information and their sources Essay

Verbal communication is communicating a message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. An advantage of verbal communication is the opportunity for immediate feedback to make sure the message was understood. Another advantage is the opportunity to utilize nonverbal cues (tone, body language, inflection). These can apply to Barclays because it’s important for Barclays to receive immediate feedback which they can go on and improve on the Business. Also, Barclays will understand the message that is being given verbally even more clear because they’ll understand the body language of the person that is giving the message. A disadvantage of verbal communication is that the communication or message that was put across is not recorded (unless a video camera is used), this means that if there are any types of miscommunication such as an employee getting rude to a customer, there’s a high possibility that it won’t be recalled again. Another disadvantage of verbal communication is that it is harder to communicate around the world. These apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that there verbal communication towards customers or employees are made clear meaning that they would have to outcome the disadvantage. Also, Barclays has many customers/employees around the world, this means that this is a disadvantage to them as it would be harder to communicate seeing as customers in other countries would be speaking a different language, meaning that Barclays would have to come up with a solution in order to ease verbal communication around the world. Written Communication Written communication means communication by means of written symbols either printed or handwritten. Advantages of written communication are that it is more accurate (errors can be corrected or content approved). Another advantage is that a physical record of the communication is made. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays has to make sure that their communication is as clear as it gets for their terms & conditions pages, and written communication makes this easy for them as there is a high possibility that they won’t make mistakes. Another way these benefit Barclays is that when there is written communication made, there is a physical record of the communication meaning that there won’t be any mistakes in communication between the employees and customers, also customers can refer back to these  communications. A disadvantage of written communication is that written communication takes more time and is more expensive to prepare because of printing letters about outstanding loan payments which leads to higher costs because of the printing and stamps to send these letters. Also, another disadvantage is that there aren’t any types of immediate feedback. These can apply to Barclays because Barclays rely on time and don’t have much of it which means that they have to decrease the amount of written communication. Barclays mostly rely on feedback, with written communication there isn’t immediate feedback meaning that this would be a disadvantage for Barclays. Multi-media/ On-screen Information Multi-media/ On-screen Information is media on new technologies such as text messaging. This can apply to many companies in today’s society. An advantage of Multi-media communication is that the information can be spread to a lot of people at one time. This applies to Barclays because they usually have many meetings, and in them meetings they can use a projector showing a presentation which allows all members in the meeting so see. Another advantage of Multi-media communication is that it’s cheaper to use. This applies to companies like Barclays, instead of Barclays sending information via a paper based system which costs more; they can distribute information to their customers through multimedia communication. A disadvantage of multimedia communication is that many of the elderly in today’s society may not know how to work and understand the technologies used in today’s society. This applies to Barclays because Barclays may use text messaging to their customers and some of their customers may be elderly people. Another disadvantage is that not all people in the world have access to multimedia communication. This applies to Barclays because Barclays now provide services of online banking, and text messaging to their customers, however not all of their customers may have access to multimedia communication meaning that Barclays would still have to use a paper based system for some of their customers which leads to more expenses seeing as it is expensive to maintain. Web-based Information Web-based information shows many benefits of multimedia technology. With the  fast broadband connections in today’s society, it is possible to stream sophisticated content to a computer anywhere in the world. A significant amount of interactive multimedia content is now delivered via the internet through web-sites such as www.barclays.co.uk. This is an advantage for many people and businesses as the information can be received and read wherever and whenever it is convenient for the person/business. This applies to Barclays because they can send information to their employees from anywhere which can be read by the employee at any given time. Another advantage of web-based information is that it is easier to distribute information through it. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays is to have a change into how the business operates and needs to inform their employees, they can easily distribute the information on the web to their employees. A disadvantage of web-based information is that not everyone can access the web. This applies to Barclays because Barclay’s employees may need some information from Barclays on any new information or changes to Barclays, however some of employees may not have access to web based information meaning that Barclays will have to distribute information through paper based information. Another disadvantage of web-based information is that it can be led to misinterpretation. This applies to Barclays because if information is distributed to customers/employees, because it’s through a web based service, the customers or employees may not understand it properly. One other disadvantage is that if the systems of Barclays crashes, it could mean that customers would not be able to access the website. This leads to unpleasant customers whom may write complaints to Barclays. Internal Sources of Information Internal sources of information are those which can give valuable information regarding the organization from within. For example, a business like Barclays can give new employees an insight of information regarding how the business operates. An advantage of internal source is that the information is most likely to be accurate because the source of the information is from within the company its-self which is reliable. Another advantage of internal source of information is that it can be shared amongst other departments and created analysed by experts with in that type of field. For example, financial reports are created and analysed. Disadvantages of internal  sources of information are that it can be costly to produce, for example many people are employed on a specific job to just collect and analyse data. This means that this could actually be cheaper for external companies to do it for them instead. External Sources of Information External sources of information is secondary research, for example if a business like Barclays wanted to find out information about one of their competitors such as Santander, but Santander doesn’t want to pass any information out to Barclays, Barclays would then ask a different organisation to collect as much information about Santander. Pros of secondary research is that the information already exists meaning that this will save time. Another pro is that it is usually cheaper to get secondary research instead of primary research which will save company money. Cons of secondary research are that in some cases, it is usually expensive as well (scanner data). You may have less control over how the data was collected. With secondary research, there could also be biases in the data that you don’t know about. Also another con of this is that the answers may not exactly fit in your research questions. This applies to Barclays because if Barclays was to require information ab out their competitors, they’d refer back to a different organisation to find this information out.

Gerald R. Ford essays

Gerald R. Ford essays When researching my option on a president who I should evaluate, I decided to choose President Gerald R. Ford. Ford had served as president from 1974 to 1977, after the unprecedented resignation of Nixon on Aug. 9, 1974. President Ford was president when I was brought to this world in 1976, so this gave me all reasons to evaluate his performance as president of the United States. To give you an understanding view of my personal assessment of President Fords performance, I rate base on his personality and his political history. When voting for a president we always look at there character and leadership skills. We see what type of leader He/She is based on, from there past and how they do during their run for presidency. In the case of President Ford, he was only known as the political figure that came into the vice-presidency of President Nixon after Agnews resignation. I at first believed it would be hard to grade a person who came into office by default and by that a person who served under a president who at the time was going to be impeached, and probably prosecution. Through all the writings of past and present I found that I personally would give President Ford a scale of, B. President Ford would become president when all of the people of the United States had lost trust in the leadership of our country. President Ford assured that when he took office that our long national nightmare is over and pledged openness and candor. Well during that time I personally believed that the openness Ford proclaimed took courage and proved to our country the type of leader that was to come. In the excerpt from the essay by James Cannon, said that President Fords character had come from the teaching of President Fords mother Dorothy Gardner Ford. Ford was chosen by his peers in Congress, for his integrity and trustworthiness. Fords forceful leadership appeared before our country when he ...

Sir William Schwenk Gilbert

Sir William Schwenk Gilbert stated in the first act of The Mikado Let the punishment fit the crime. In society punishments are given to make people suffer for their wrong doings. Is it fair that when man breaks rules but only in the name of righteousness that he be punished? In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey, the author skillfully portrays man as one who suffers for breaking the rules, while trying to stand up for his beliefs and inspire others. One may suffer as a consequence of breaking the rules, but he will suffer unfairly if he were only breaking them to stand up for his beliefs. In One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Nurse Ratched constantly caused the inmates to endure unfair suffering when they broke the rules, even if they were breaking them to stand up for their beliefs. On the evening of the world series game, the inmates led by McMurphy held a vote so they could watch the game. The deciding vote was not submitted in time because the meeting was closed according to the Nurse. McMurphy rebelled against this unfair decision by skipping his chores and sitting there with his hands crossed behind his head and his feet stuck out in a chair, a smoking cigarette sticking out from under his hatbrim - watching the blank TV screen.(p. 127). The Nurse believed this showed unspeakable behavior concerning [his] house duties and she felt that her punishment of taking away a privilege (p. 171) had therapeutic v! alue (p. 171). What the Nurse was really doing was punishing this man for standing up for himself. McMurphy suffers as a result of his courage to take a stand against the Nurses unfair ruling. McMurphy rebels against the system by breaking Nurse Ratcheds rules and laying down his own. To me this sounds like a leader trying to make a difference not a man who deserves punishment. In like manner, the ...

The good life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The good life - Essay Example d companies that take part in industrialization and manufacturing should take responsibility of controlling the effects of climate change by bearing the negative external costs associated with climate change.1 The richer nations and large manufacturing industries get involved in massive industrial manufacturing, hence leading to massive emissions and pollution that are responsible for the ever increasing amount of green house gases. To maintain normalcy and good life, the discounting rate concept must be proportionately applied. The rich countries that account for the larger share of the global emissions must bear the greatest costs associated with environmental degradation. In order to save the future generations from suffering the harmful effects of the present global climatic change, they must learn to reduce such risks by avoiding activities that negatively affect the environment.2 This can only be achieved by seeking expert advice from economists who would advise them on the cost-benefits analysis of their industrial and manufacturing activities. From an ethical point of view, the economists must take into account the discounting rates that are payable by the environmental polluters. Economists will, therefore, always advice on the importance of reducing the possibility of adverse effects such as environmental pollution from spreading into the future. This implies that the present generation must sacrifice part of its consumption in order to mitigate the impacts climatic

Managing Fisheries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Fisheries - Essay Example Since most of the fishing in done outside the territorial waters of coastal nations and done mostly in international deep waters, there is no control over how much fish a company or a ship can catch. To prevent over fishing and depletion of certain stocks such as Cod, Tuna, different methods have been brought it. Some of the methods are fees system and tradable fishing quotas (Tietenberg, 2009). The fees system requires that access to a certain area or fishing region should be controlled by levying fees. The quota system suggests that fishing companies should be assigned a certain capping quota on the amount of fish they catch in a year (Hanley, 2007). This paper examines important issues about fisheries management and how the tradable quota system functions. Fishing on a vast scale by mechanised ships soon disrupts the regeneration of selected fish species such as mackerel, Black cod, tuna. This in turn has disrupted the oceanic bio life cycle as these fishes were higher in the food chain and fed on fish such as carp. When the larger fish are depleted, other predatory fish such as carp have proliferated. These have in turn overfed on the lower part of the food chain, all the way till the planktons, the lowest form of ocean life have not been able to regenerate. As a result, vast patches of seas suddenly turn into lifeless wastes, just as patch of desert does not have any type of life. This is mainly due to over fishing and pollution caused by fishing boats (Perman, 2003). Tradable fishing quotas were designed to prevent such an over fishing of specific fish from the life chain of the seas and oceans. Technically, individual trading quotas – ITQ were allotted to members of a fishery and these quotas determined the amount of specific species that can be caught. Tradable rights include tradable lobster and crab traps, tradable days-at-sea and individual transferable quotas - ITQs. The advantage of ITQs is that it maintains the balance of the ecosystem for a

Computer Networking Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Computer Networking Management - Essay Example As there is continuous progress in information technology, we move further and further into becoming a paperless society, and there is increased need for people to be connected to large networks to be able to exchange data just as quickly as when handing a piece of paper to another person. This can be achieved by connecting groups of computers in a network, so that the data can be accessed immediately by various when data is entered into one computer, no matter the distance from the originating computer. There is quite a lot of work involved in networking, including a lot of math, from equations to basic problems. This paper discusses the issues around the setting up a computer network and its management. A computer network is a connection of two or more computers in order to share resources and data. These shared resources can include devices like printers and other resources like electronic mail, internet access, and file sharing. A computer network can also be seen as a collection of Personal computers and other related devices which are connected together, either with cables or wirelessly, so that they can share information and communicate with one another. Computer networks vary in size. Some networks are needed for areas within a single office, while others are vast or even span the globe. In the vastly technological en... Most companies employ a network administrator or manager to oversee this very important aspect of the company's business. This is a significant position, as it comes with great responsibilities because an organization will experience significant operational losses if problems arise within its network. Computer networking is a discipline of engineering that involves communication between various computer devices and systems. In computer networking, protocols, routers, routing, and networking across the public internet have specifications that are defined in RFC documents. Computer networking can be seen as a sub-category of computer science, telecommunications, IT and/or computer engineering. Computer networks also depend largely upon the practical and theoretical applications of these engineering and scientific disciplines. Computer networking also involves the setting up of any set of computers or computer devices and enabling them to exchange information and data. Some examples of computer networks include: Local area networks (LANs) that are made up of small networks which are constrained to a relatively small geographic area. Wide area networks (WANs) which are usually bigger than local area networks, and cover a large geographic area. Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN). These represent the wireless equivalent of the Local Area Network and Wide Area Networks Networks involves interconnection to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless technologies. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the

China in the Classical Era Essay Example for Free

China in the Classical Era Essay The gender systems of the Classical era in China can almost be summed up with this phrase: â€Å"How sad it is to be a woman!† (Strayer) According to the Chinese traditions when a girl child is born the family is definitely not happy about the birth. The mothers of the girl child must do three things; â€Å"first she must make the child sleep under the bed this shows the baby that she is lowly and weak, second she must give the baby a potsherd or a piece of broken pot to play with to make the girl child realize that the only thing in life for her is housework, and thirdly the mother must make an offering to the ancestors when she announces the birth of the girl child. † (Strayer) Chinese women are considered less than men, less than the servants even. She must always humble herself to the man of the family, or her â€Å"master†; she is to do whatever the in-laws require her to do as well. The gender system of the Classical era in India is much like China. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent.† (Strayer) The female in India could never be on her own, her father rules her life as a child, her husband as a wife and if she has male children, she is less than her children if the husband ever dies. She must never be vain, show her face or her body, and woman of India is less than a person because of these rules. The gender system of the Classical era in Rome began very much the same for the females. †If each man of us, fellow citizens, had established that the right and authority of the husband should be held over the mother of his own family we should have less difficulty with women in general.† (Strayer) In Rome men were expected to rule. This may have come from the fact that in order for Roman men to reproduce they had to pillage other villages and kidnap and rape the captured women. Over that time the men obviously ruled the house, the city and the land. Women were considered imprudent, rude and considered unbridled if they conducted any kind of business without a male guardian present. In all three cultures the same patriarchy is evident. Women were to do nothing without the say so of the man. Whether it is her father, husband, brother or son, she was to do as she was told when she was told and not complain about it. In China the females did as told, even by the mother-in-law, she was humbled, regardless of the situation, the husband could do as wished as long as it didn’t bring shame to himself or his family. There really isn’t anyway for the Chinese woman to get away from the patriarchy of her family or her husband’s family. In India the only way that a woman could relieve herself from her husband’s patriarchy â€Å"was to become a Buddhist nun and entering a monastery where women were relatively less restricted and could exercise more authority than in ordinary life.† (Strayer) Even thought this relieved her of her families’ patriarchy she still didn’t have complete independence from male dominance. In Rome however, this is where the changes began for the Roman women. â€Å"When these speeches for and against the law had been made, a considerably larger crowd of women poured forth in public the next day; as a single body they besieged the doors, of the Brutus’s, who were vetoing their colleagues’ motion, and they didn’t not stop until the tribunes took back their veto†¦.† (Strayer) The women of Rome were sick of being treated as less the nothings, they began to go into the streets, talk to whomever they chose even other women’s husbands. They had decided as a group that it was time that they had some rights. The women were no longer going to sit in the houses and have absolutely no wealth, no status, and no rights. There were some men against this and some men that approved of it. In the end the women won, and was allowed a few rights. This was taken away twenty years later though. The cultures of the Classical era showed that women were less than men, they had no rights, they had no wealth and they would always be obedient. This was an act to humble the women, they were slaves. The males always dominated the women; only the Roman women as a group were able to stand up for themselves. The Chinese and the women of India did not. They were obedient. Works Cited: Strayer, Robert. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History. Boston. New York, Bedford/ St. Martins 2011

Essay --

e of performance enhancing drugs in sports Performance enhancing drugs should be prohibited in all associations in sports. Not only because it dismantles the playing field for all athketes but it ruins athlete’s lives and careers in many ways. Titles can be revokes and winnings can be rejected. The side effects are horrendous and it ruins the love for the sport each true athlete participates in. Athletes think that performance enhancing drugs level out the playing field and let all of the current athletes compete on the same level. This only will make things worse than they already seem. Currently there are players who trained day in and day out, putting in hard work every hour of the day, compete on the same level, and go the extra mile for the sport they love. They all compete to be the supiroror athlete but these are the ones that are being pushed to the side and not receiving any credit for their achievements. Athletes who use performance enhancing drugs have a huge advantage over athletes who don’t. athletes who do use these drug have a gain in strength, less body fat, and better bone density . Lance Armstrong is the best Cyclist out there today. He would win race after race, tour after tour, but he only accomplished this because of the use of performance enhancing drugs. He used a drug called EPO which is an illegal transfusion of oxygenated blood cells that are put into an athlete’s body to help their blood cells stay oxygenated. This drug would take the athletes ability to perform for a long period of time to a whole knew level. This gave players, cyclist, and runners such an advantage that they could be stripped of their titles or medals received if they were caught. Oprah Winfrey interviewed lance about his use of drugs.... ...e. He stated, â€Å"My son would walk the halls and tell kids that his dad did not use drugs or his dad was clean† (Oprah and Lance Armstrong). All competitors know that using performance enhancing drugs is wrong. But some know that it helps them get a step ahead of other athletes, risking their lives, family bond, and career. Even though these drugs are very desirer able the side effect are just not worth the risk. These drugs dismantle the playing field in all sports. It is not fair to other athletes who work their butts off day in and day out to achieve greatness. These drugs are not worth the risk. It’s not worth knowing that the only way you got to the top of the game was by cheating. A saying that everyone knows is cheaters never win... so get rid of performance enhancing drugs in sports or watch the concept of sports take a huge turn for the worse in the future .

I Stand Here Ironing Essay

When reading the short story ? I Stand Here Ironing? written by Tillie Olsen I analyzed the story by using both feminist criticism and the formalist strategy. The author uses a iron as a metaphor for how the woman in the story tells the life of her daughter and why her daughter is the way that she is. In a way the woman lays everything out on the table and irons it out straight. Many single mothers can relate to this story because it tells about the hardships that some unfortunate mothers? have to face. In this story Emily was born during the depression. Her mother had to work because she was a young single parent, as read in the story Emily?s father could ? no longer endure?. I believe that the mother cared for Emily she hated to leave her with her fathers relatives. Olsen wrote that the character did everything by the book she breast fed by the clock like they said. At that time ?they? were the male doctors who thought they knew all about motherhood. As a woman I would think Redmond2 that a woman would know what is best for both the mother and her child. By the end of the story the mother and daughter relationship grew a little closer Emily who lacked meaning found a talent . Emily also gained a sense a sense of responsibility by taking care of her siblings. Olsen uses the iron as a metaphor a number of times through out the story. In the first paragraph the mother says, ?and what you asked me moves back and forth with the iron?. I think that the mother is trying to sort out the good and the bad through out Emily?s life. She tells of what had to be done not what should have been done. The woman realizes that her daughter lacks meaning in life. The mother questions herself on the upbringing of her oldest daughter Emily compared to the other children. In the last sentence of the story it reads ?help make it so that there is cause for her to know that she she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron? What the mother is trying to say is Emily is like she is because that?s how she brought her up it could be un helped at the time the mother is also reassuring herself by thinking she could be worse don?t we all have our faults?

Case Study Economics †Microsoft and Monopoly Essay

Microsoft has monopoly in PC operating systems, Windows operating systems which are used` in more than 80% of Intel based PC’s. This market has high technological barriers. Threat to Microsoft is not from new operating systems but from alternate products such as browsers, which are new softwares that can be used with multiple operating systems and can also act as an alternative platform to which applications can be written. This posed a threat to Windows monopoly and perhaps its long-term existence. Initially Microsoft had tried to subdue competition by asking for explicit market sharing agreements with competitors (such as Netscape). A failure to do so, allegedly, led Microsoft to adopt anti-competitive strategies. This led to a set of consolidated civil actions against Microsoft in 1994 by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and twenty U.S. states. DoJ alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power in its handling of operating system sales and web browser sales. Issues: The issue central to the case was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle its flagship Internet Explorer (IE) web browser software with its Microsoft Windows operating system. Bundling them together is alleged to have been responsible for Microsoft’s victory in the browser wars (specifically Netscape) as every Windows user was forced to have a copy of Internet Explorer. It was further alleged that this unfairly restricted the market for competing web browsers (such as Netscape Navigator or Opera) that were slow to download over a modem or had to be purchased at a store. Underlying these disputes were questions over Microsoft’s allegedly anti-competitive strategies – to impose high entry barriers – including forming restrictive licensing agreements with OEM computer manufacturers, entering into exclusionary agreements with ICPs and ISPs, altering its application programming interfaces (APIs) to favor Internet Explorer over third party web browsers, restricting alterations to its boot up sequence and active desktop, and above all Microsoft’s intent in its course of conduct .i.e. to kill competition by any means and deprive consumers of product choice, especially in browsers, by discouraging innovation. Microsoft’s Anti-competitive Strategies: 1. Microsoft invested money to develop, test and promote IE for free to all users. In competition to Netscape browsers which was being sold for a price. They even paid some customers to use IE instead of Netscape browser. 2. Microsoft put a condition to PC manufacturers to license, preinstall and distributes IE on every Window PC. By this, they were able to distribute IE on every PC by tying up IE to Windows 95, which was a monopoly version. 3. This was extended to the Windows 98, successor of Window 95, misusing their operating system monopoly to exclude competition and deprive customer of free choices. They made removal of IE from Windows 98 technically more difficult. 4. Microsoft restricted all OEM’s to remove any part of IE software or to add any other browser in the pc in a more prominent or visible way. So OEM’s are deprived of the choices they can make about which browser should be offered to customer. 5. Microsoft entered with anti competitive agreement with all largest and most popular ISP’s and OSP’s. It gave the list of ISP’s in folders with OS that enabled users to subscribe to their services and substantial value to ISP’s. 6. Microsoft entered anti competitive agreement with ICP’s to not pat or compensate his competitors for the distribution, marketing or promotion of the ICPs’ content, to not promote any other to inhibit competition. This way Microsoft precluded competition on the merits between Microsoft’s browser and other browser, used Windows operating system monopoly to extend to Internet browser market, and maintained Windows operating system monopoly. Microsoft stated that the merging of Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer was the result of innovation and competition, that the two were now the same product and were inextricably linked together. Also, the consumers were now getting all the benefits of Internet Explorer for free. Those who opposed Microsoft’s position countered that the browser was still a distinct and separate product which did not need to be tied to the operating system, since a separate version of Internet Explorer was available for Mac OS. They also asserted that IE was not really free because its development and marketing costs may have kept the price of Windows higher than it might otherwise have been. The case was tried before U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson. While the initial verdict went against Microsoft, the verdict was overturned on appeal. Nonetheless, EU recently found Microsoft guilty of anti-trust conduct and slapped a fine of US$1.3 billion in 2008, the largest fine ever imposed on a company.

When Should I Capitalize Internet

When Should I Capitalize Internet When Should I Capitalize Internet? The question of whether to capitalize â€Å"internet† is source of much controversy. It has even inspired its own Wikipedia article. But we’re here to make writing easy, so we’re going to ignore the controversies and set out the basics of when to capitalize â€Å"internet† in simple terms. Internet as a Proper Noun Unless it appears at the start of a sentence, you should only capitalize â€Å"Internet† when it is a noun. More specifically, you can capitalize it when referring to the Internet (i.e., the world wide web). Everything is connected now In this case, â€Å"Internet† is a proper noun, a word that names a unique thing. So â€Å"the Internet† is like the name of a person (e.g., Delia) or city (e.g., Boston). Using a capital â€Å"I† was common in the early days of the web, especially in technical writing. However, as the internet has become part of our lives, most people now write it with a lower-case â€Å"I† instead. Dialect can make a difference, too, as capitalizing â€Å"Internet† is more common in American English than other dialects. Ultimately, though, it is a matter preference. For instance, both of these sentences are fine: I looked up advice on the Internet. The internet is full of contradictory advice. The most important thing is consistency. So if you write â€Å"Internet† in one part of a document, you would want to use the same capitalization throughout. You may also want to check your school/college/employer’s style guide. However, there are a couple of situations where you should never capitalize this term. We will look at each of the following below: Using â€Å"internet† to refer to interconnected networks in general. Using â€Å"internet† as an adjective. Internet as a Common Noun The word â€Å"internet† is a contraction of â€Å"interconnected network.† We can therefore use it to describe any set of interconnecting networks. And when referring to interconnected networks in general, we do not capitalize â€Å"internet† because it is a common noun rather than a proper noun. In other words, while the Internet is an internet, it is not the only internet! You are unlikely to need the generic term â€Å"internet† in your daily life. But if you are involved with computers in your work or studies, remember not to capitalize â€Å"internet† unless you’re referring to the Internet. Adjectival Internets We can also use â€Å"internet† as an adjective. For example: My internet connection has dropped out again. Here, the word â€Å"internet† modifies the noun â€Å"connection.† This means we’ve used it as an adjective. And as such, we do not need to capitalize it. Summary: When Should I Capitalize Internet? You can capitalize the â€Å"I† in â€Å"internet† if you are using it as a proper noun, but this is a matter of choice. Here at Proofed, for example, we prefer â€Å"internet† in all cases. But this is just because we don’t see the need to capitalize it, not because â€Å"Internet† is wrong. There are no hard and fast rules about capitalizing â€Å"internet,† then. However, if you want to capitalize it, keep the following in mind: You can capitalize â€Å"Internet† when it is a proper noun (i.e., when it refers to the world wide web), but this is a matter of choice. Do not capitalize â€Å"internet† when it is an adjective (e.g., â€Å"internet users†). Do not capitalize this term when referring to internetworking in general. If you are writing for your studies or job, you may have a style guide available. Check this for advice on capitalization. Make sure to apply capitalization consistently in your writing. And if you’d like more help with your writing, you can have it proofread.

Free sample - Chemistry of Fireworks. translation missing

Chemistry of Fireworks. Chemistry of FireworksThe Chemistry of fireworks is a very interesting field. A look at an amusement park or a baseball game, or such events such as New Year’s Eve or Christmas Eve are just a few ways to show how much fun that comes our way from fireworks. This however is an intricate science requiring application of physical science. For instance, to produce a red chrysanthemum spray and an accompanying explosion requires certain components and materials such as an oxygen producer, color ejector, binder, fuel and propellants. There are three conspicuous and identifiable forms of energy produced by fireworks. These are heat, light and sound. The loud sound experienced in such events is attributed to the rapid release of energy into the atmosphere; hence the air expands at a greater rate than the speed at which sound travels. Therefore, a sonic boom which is a shock wave is produced. The chemistry behind fireworks is a series of oxidation and reduction reactions which result in the desired sound and light. This happens as propellants push the firework into the sky. Oxidation reactions ensure that the oxygen needed to exhaustively burn the mixture of reducing agents and excite the atoms in the light-emitting compounds is produced. Oxidizers used such as chlorates, nitrates and percolates and reducing agents such as carbon and sulfur are available of the shelf for home-made users. The combination of reducing agents with oxygen is there responsible for the energy dissipated during the reaction.Black powder, which mainly contains nitrates, is the most used oxidizer (Conkling, 1985). A look at an explosion under the use of potassium nitrate so as to provide nitrate ions (NO3-) after decomposition can be represented as: Potassium nitrate   potassium oxide + nitrogen gas + oxygen gas. 2KNO3 K2O+N2+2.502 The reaction is more controlled since when reacting, nitrates only release two in every three oxygen atoms, hence, the reaction is not exhaustive and vigorous since not all the oxygen atoms are actively used up. However, nitrates do not provide enough power to propel the firework into the sky and also ignite the package. Therefore, they cannot be used in star explosions since they cannot produce temperatures high enough to energize most color metal salts. Star reactions need a temperature ranging from 1700 to 2000 °C. This was enabled by the Italians in the 1830’s whereby they came across more explosive oxidizers, chlorates (ClO3-), which give up all their committed oxygen atoms upon reaction. This can be illustrated by the equation below which is highly spectacular, vigorous and releases more energy. 2KClO3 2KCl+3 O2   Potassium chlorate potassium chloride + oxygen gas. However, chlorates have the major demerit of being highly unstable, hence they can be dangerous to handle. On the merit side, chlorate can be easily ignited. For instance, dropping them on the ground can lead to a major explosion. This is since chlorates have the maximum potential of bonding with four oxygen atoms but they however bond with three. The fourth oxygen atom is left free, unsaturated and reactive. This makes chlorates better oxidizing agents. Further, in comparison to the slow-burning rate previously availed by nitrates, chlorates provide a faster reaction leading to a loud and exceedingly dangerous explosion. This was solved by the use of perchlorates which are more stable when releasing oxygen. The oxygen atoms in perchlorates are fully bonded hence stable. When reacting, perchlorates are able to release all their oxygen atoms. (Russell, 2009) KClO4   KCl+2O2 Potassium perchlorate   Potassium Chloride + oxygen gas So, perchlorates are not only more stable, but more oxygen-rich than chlorates. They, like chlorates, produce more vigorous reactions which produce hot, rapidly expanding oxygen atoms than nitrates in their star compartments. Carbon and sulfur in charcoal are the most common reducing agents. They are contained in black powder and react to produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide respectively. Oxygen + sulfurSulfur (IV) Oxide gas O2 (g) + S(s)   SO2 (g) Oxygen + carbon   Carbon (IV) Oxide gas O2 (g) + C(s)   CO2 (g) The magnanimous amount of energy released in these reactions and the hot rapidly expanding oxygen gas provide a basis for propulsion and consequent explosion. The chemistry of fireworks, so as to come up with a varying degree of colors has generated a lot of interest. Color is generated through two mainstream ways: Incandescence and luminescence. Incandescence entails the production of light by means of heat. When a substance glows as a result of heat, it first emits infrared wavelengths, then red light. Orange light is then produced as the object becomes progressively hotter, followed by yellow and finally white light. Under a controlled environment, the glow of reducing agents such as charcoal can be regulated at a certain temperature, hence emitting a particular color at the desired time. Temperature regulators that are most common are magnesium, aluminum and titanium. Luminescence is the production of light through other means other than heat. These can therefore occur at colder temperatures lower than room temperature since it is independent of any heat. An electron in an atom is first excited and destabilized by absorption of energy. The atom is then relegated to a lower energy state hence releasing the energy within via photons, the basics of light. The energy possessed by these photons consequently determines its wavelength or color. A major challenge in producing color through luminescence is that some salts used are unstable at room temperatures such as Barium chloride. Therefore, this problem must be solved by use of a combination of these salts with more stable compounds such as chlorinated rubber. For instance, in the combustion of the pyrotechnic composition between barium chloride and chlorinated rubber, a green color is produced. Other salts such as copper chloride which gives a blue color must be regulated not to attain high temperatures yet the brightness of the resultant blue color must be achieved. (Pressroom, 2010) Quality The quality of the resultant color produced by various factors can be compromised by various factors. First, pure colors require pure ingredients. No traces of impurities such as the dominant impurity, sodium, which gives a yellow-orange color, should be present since it easily overpowers all other colors. Secondly, the cost of the firework when the client is buying off the shelf often alludes to quality. Finally, it is important to note the date of manufacture and the skill and popularity attached to the manufacturer by other users. (Helmenstine, 2009) Firework Colorants How fireworks work. It is crucial to evaluate how both sparklers, which ensure production of bright light, and firecrackers, which enable the production of explosions, function. Firecrackers consist of black powder, commonly referred to as gun powder in a tight tube made of paper and fuse at one end so as to set the powder alit. The main compounds and elements of black powder are sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate. Further, some explosions are brightened the more by use of aluminum. On the other hand, sparklers are used to produce exceptionally bright and showery light for a longer period of time that can last up to a minute. There are commonly referred to as ‘snowball sparklers’ since they are accompanied by a ball of sparks surrounding the burning epicenter. A sparkler constitutes various compounds. Key among them is oxidizers, fuel, binder such as starch or sugar and iron or steel powder. They are mixed in water to form slurry which is then coated on a wire through dipping. This is then dried. It is then ready for use whereby it can be lit in order to burn end to end like a cigarette. In sparklers, oxidizers and fuel are carefully proportioned with other compounds so as it burns slowly rather than explode as is the case with firecrackers. Fireworks however are more complex in their manufacture. Bright shimmering sparks have to be induced by adding steel or iron, aluminum, magnesium and zinc. These metal flaks heat up to attain high temperatures that ensure production of light by incandescence beyond which they burn exhaustively. To create a wide range of colors, various chemical addictives are used. Aerial FireworksThese are large, conspicuous and colorful fireworks that can be observed on major celebrations such as the Fourth of July. The aerial firework shell contains: stars which are small cylinders, cubes or spheres that contain the compounds needed; container which has the pasted paper for instructions and things such as company name and an accompanying string; the bursting charge located at the center of the shell; and a fuse which ensures delay in time till the firecracker attains the right altitude. A lifting charge is located below the shell. A mortar is used to launch an aerial firecracker. This is a small, steel pipe containing black powder that serves as the lifting charge. When this is fired, the shell fuse is lit which burns progressively up to the desired height, then explodes. A simple shell, such as those used in an aerial display, contains stars in the blue balls, and a grey part containing black powder and the center tube containing the bursting charge. Multi- break shells burst over two or three phases. They have a variety of colors and compositions so as to contain various degrees of light and sparks. Multi-break shells have various compartments or sections in one with different fuses. Each shell bursts and consequently ignites the other through break charges, each with a different effect and possible color. Fireworks Displays The pattern painted in the sky by an aerial shell chiefly depends on the order and arrangement of star pellets in the shell. For instance, equally spaced pellets in a circle with the accompanying black powder produce a mid-air display of minor star explosions uniformly spaced in a circle. A specific figure can therefore be created by arranging the star pellets in the outline of the figure desired. Place explosive charges in the interior of the figure so as to blow them outside into a large figure as desired. Then, surround this with a layer of break charge so as to separate them with the rest of the shell contents. This break charges must be set to explode at the desired time. (Ashby, 2007) There are several shell names in the market: Firework Safety/ Conclusion   In conclusion, it is important to note that fireworks are sources of sun but they have however come along with various precautions that have to be adhered. Fireworks are used in most of today’s’ public celebrations. However, they are dangerous if mishandled. Over 8000 United States are reported to suffer every year due to fireworks. Of whom more than half are children. The most common hazard experienced by more than a third of the cases is burns which have been reported to occur from illegally acquired fireworks. Hence, there are a number of regulations that have been put in place to ensure mishandling reduces. The statute organization chiefly responsible for consumer fireworks is the National Council on Fireworks Safety. It educates the public on how to responsibly handle and use fireworks. The National Fire Protection Association is responsible for enforcing rigorous safety regulations for big fireworks displays. Spectators are required to watch at least 840 feet from the launching zone based on the height and burst diameter of the largest of shells. Secondly, shells cannot be launched if the winds at that particular time are stronger than 20 miles per hour, since they would be carried away over the set diameter thereby causing harm to onlookers. However, despite all these regulations that have been put in place, many accidents still do occur at informal and poorly regulated places. Manufacturers are also required by law to set up buildings in the manufacturing plants that are separated by concrete blast walls from any other buildings with roofs weakened so as any resultant explosion travels upwards instead of outwards. Further, mechanization in the industry is limited and work is mainly done by hand since machines may produce sparks or static charges that would be disastrous in causing explosions. However, some disasters have occurred between 1970 and 1995 resulting in the death of more than 20 factory employees. Environmentally Friendly Fireworks Most animals are scared by the explosions resulting from displays. Most regulations and rules bar people from attending such events with their pets in tow. Sadly, cases of pets getting lost at such events have been reported. Wide research is continuing on hoe to combine various elements into pyrotechnic compounds and mixtures have been made. This produces minimal smoke and particulate matter. This shall replace oxidizers such as perchlorates which are environmentally harmful.