General Pricing Approach - 1085 Words

4. General Pricing approach. Value based pricing, everyday low pricing (EDLP) and high-low pricing. Value based pricing Source:http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/marketing/pricing/valuebased.htmlHow high can a price be before the product or service is priced out of the market?To understand the customer s perception of the value of your product or service, look at more subjective criteria such as customer preferences, product benefits, convenience, product quality, company image and alternative products offered by the competition. * How do your customers describe what they get for their money? * Do they save a great deal of money or time by purchasing your product or service? * Do they gain a competitive advantage from†¦show more content†¦1. What type of market are you in? Only retailers that offer similar products and are in competitive markets are forced to make this discounting strategy choice. For example, pricing is a key differentiator of retailers selling homogenous products – price is important in a market where two similar grocery stores, located a mile or two a part, sell the same products. Retailers in this market environment have to adopt an EDLP or Hi-Lo pricing strategy. In contrast, Whole Foods (or as my sister prefers to call it, â€Å"Whole Paycheck†) offers a differentiated product (natural and organic foods). And while Whole Foods runs occasional specials, discounting is not a primary component of its retail strategy. 2. Are your customers price sensitive? Convenience stores like 7-Eleven, even those located close to discount grocery stores (selling the same products at a significant discount), often cater to less price sensitive customers. If your customers are not price sensitive, there’s less of a need to adopt an EDLP or Hi-Lo pricing strategy. 3. Do you have a cost advantage? If you are going with an EDLP strategy, it’d be helpful to posses a cost advantage. There should be a measurable difference between your EDLP price and a Hi-Lo retailer’s â€Å"Hi† price. Wal-Mart is a classic exam ple of a retailer with lower costs relative to its competitors. 4. Who are your customers? Are yourShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis : Pricing Decisions1088 Words   |  5 PagesPricing †¢ Reports used for pricing decisions were, market update, industry outlook, pricing report, conjoint analysis, test market, decision criteria, tradeoff report and mfr. sales report †¢ Customer willingness to pay was crucial in the decision making †¢ For Allround, after period 1, it was decided to keep the price constant at $5.49 based on customer perception and the conjoint analysis. Also, during initial replays, effort to increase the price resulted in significant dip in net income and stockRead MoreEvaluation of Various Numerical Methods for Option Pricing Model638 Words   |  3 Pagesadvantage of the other. Hence, numerical methods are needed for pricing options in cases where analytic solutions are either unavailable or not easily computable. The subject of numerical methods in option pricing is very broad. A wide range of contracts exist and in many cases several models can be applied in the valuation. Although the option valuation has been studied at least since nineteenth century, the contemporary approach is based on the Black-Scholes model which was first published inRead MorePricing Strategies of Itc1297 Words   |  6 PagesPricing Strategy ITC Foods Business Division (Staples) The FMCG RETAIL Pricing Strategy UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS FMCG Pricing Strategy is now a critical element of the management mix. Old school management responsibilities of Sales owning the trade spend budget and customer negotiations with marketing owning the Recommend Retail Price do not work in today s information driven age. Retail sales volume is now 80% controlled by 2-3 chains with a scatteringRead MoreChoosing the Wrong Pricing Strategy1677 Words   |  7 PagesChoosing the Wrong Pricing Strategy Can Be a Costly Mistake: Knowledge@Wharton (http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=792) Choosing the Wrong Pricing Strategy Can Be a Costly Mistake Published : June 04, 2003 in Knowledge@Wharton Prices have been at the center of human interaction ever since traders in ancient Mesopotamia -- our modern-day Iraq -- began keeping records. Who doesn’t love to guess what something costs – or argue about what something ought to cost? So itRead MoreManagement Accounting - Setting Prices1709 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor influences on pricing decisions Customer Demand: the demands of customers are of paramount importance in all phases of business operations, from the design of a product to the setting of its price. Product-design issues and pricing considerations are interrelated, so they must be examined simultaneously. For example, for a higher quality product; you need higher quality materials which will affect a higher cost and needs more time and this will lead to a higher pricing on a product. AlsoRead MoreCase Study : Hospitality And Tourism Management1255 Words   |  6 Pages Zhen, Emily Hospitality Tourism Management Sales Marketing Pricing Utilizing Distribution Channels The key external areas crucial in pricing decisions not only include different types of markets, consumer price sensitivity, and pricing strategies driven by consumers and competitors, but other important economic variables as well. A market characterized by monopolistic competition leaves companies more or less a monopolistic power advantage for every company has the freedomRead MoreCase Study Silvio Napoli at Schindler India (a) Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesin assigning Silvio as general manager of India? I do not believe Schindler made the right choice in assigning Silvio as the general manager of India. Silvio had little to no real world international experience. Silvio had much success in Sweden but there are several factors that limited his success in India. Silvio had high warrior and low monk attributes. Silvio was a task oriented individual. This management style is not well received in India. The General Manager needed to be a personRead MoreTechnical Evaluations and Competitive Pricing1467 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluations help to ensure the integrity of the contract bid process as well as the achievement of optimal efficiency, thereby resulting in fair and equitable outcomes (Levin-Waldman, 2000). b. The factors used to determine the competitive range. Some general factors that can be used to determine the competitive range of bids for this project include the following: Evidence of direct head-to-head competition between the seller and competing unaffiliated suppliers in either a formal solicitation or inRead MoreGibson Insurance Company1342 Words   |  6 Pagesreal cost by support activities. Moreover, when the sales volume had increased, the profitability declined. The managers are considered the prices are set improper or costs are out of control. Management is looking for a better solution for solving pricing and support costs allocation. Therefore, the controller of Gibson, Rebecca Hampton, is asked to investigate these issues and has to figure out a better strategy for improving cost allocations. However, Hampton is an experienced controller and contributesRead MoreDynamic Pricing Strategies1127 Words   |  5 Pages Pricing is an important factor that determines retailers profitability. Among many success stories, the airline industry is regarded as one prominent example in which pricing optimization techniques have successfully resulted in increased revenues \citep{Phillips:05}. Other examples include electricity pricing, hotels and rental cars, etc. According to \cite{Sullivan:05}, companies that employ price optimization technique were able to raise their gross margin ranging from one percent to three percent

Mothers Who Kill Their Children

The nation is always shocked by criminal cases such as that of Andrea Yates, a Texas mother of five who in June 2001 methodically drowned her children in a bathtub and then calmly called the police to report it, but mothers killing their children is a more common crime than you might think. According to the American Anthropological Association, more than 200 women kill their children in the United States each year. Three to five children a day are killed by their parents. Homicide is one of the leading causes of death of children under age 4, yet we continue to persist with the unrealistic view that this is rare behavior, said Jill Korbin, an expert on child abuse who has studied at length the stories of mothers who killed their children. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, a medical anthropologist, said society should understand that all women arent natural mothers: We should detach from the idea of universal motherhood as natural and see it as a social response. Theres a collective denial even when mothers come right out and say, I really shouldnt be trusted with my kids. Three major factors often play a role when mothers kill their children: postpartum psychosis, psychotic breakdowns brought on by factors such as jealousy and abandonment, and domestic violence. Postpartum Depression and Psychosis Postpartum depression is a common problem that can occur within four weeks of the birth of a baby. It can affect both mothers and fathers, although only a small percentage of fathers experience it. Common symptoms include depression, feelings of hopelessness, anxiety, fear, guilt, the inability to bond with the new baby, and a feeling of worthlessness. If left untreated, it can lead to postpartum psychosis, which is much more severe and dangerous. Symptoms include extreme insomnia, obsessive behavior, and auditory hallucinations where voices instruct the mother to commit suicide or to mutilate and/or murder her child or children. Often the mother believes such acts will save the child from a life of misery. Yates was suffering from extreme postpartum depression and was found not guilty of murder by reason of  insanity. She was sent to Kerrville State Hospital in Kerrville, Texas, for an indefinite stay. Psychotic Breakdowns In some cases, children are murdered as a result of the mother experiencing a psychotic breakdown brought on by intense feelings of abandonment and jealousy in cases where the father of the children has left the home. In some cases, the need to seek revenge overtakes reason. Diane Downs, convicted of murder after shooting her three children, one of whom died, in May 1983, was diagnosed as psychotic but was sentenced to life in prison. Other Women Who Killed Their Children A look at 11 other women convicted of murdering their children shows that such acts are not as rare as we would like to believe. Here are their names, crimes, and locations where they are serving as of October 2019 unless otherwise noted: Kenisha Berry at age 20 covered her 4-day-old son with duct tape, resulting in his death in Jefferson County, Texas, in November 1998. She is serving in Murray state prison in Gatesville, Texas.Patricia Blackmon was 29 when she killed her 2-year-old adopted daughter in Dothan, Alabama, in May 1999. The cause of death was determined to be multiple blunt-force injuries. She is on death row in Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka, Alabama.Dora Luz Buenrostro stabbed to death her two daughters, ages 4 and 9, and her son, age 8, when she was 34 years old in San Jacinto, California, in October 1994. She is being held in the Central California Womens Facility in Chowchilla.Socorro Caro was 42 when she fatally shot her three sons, ages 5, 8, and 11, in Santa Rosa Valley, California, in November 1999. She is on death row in the Central California Women’s Facility.Susan Eubanks fatally shot her four sons, ages 4, 6, 7, and 14, in San Marcos, California, in October 1997, when she was 33 . She is on death row in the Central California Women’s Facility.Teresa Michelle Lewis killed her 51-year-old husband and 26-year-old stepson in Keeling, Virginia, in a murder-for-hire plot in October 2002, when she was 33. She was executed in September 2010 at Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt, Virginia.Frances Elaine Newton was 21 when she fatally shot her husband, 7-year-old son, and 2-year-old daughter in Houston, Texas, in April 1987. She was executed in September 2005.Darlie Lynn Routier was 26 when she was convicted of fatally stabbing her 5-year-old son in June 1996 in Rowlett, Texas. She is on death row in Mountain View state prison in Gatesville, Texas.Robin Lee Row was 35 when she asphyxiated her husband, 10-year-old son, and 8-year-old daughter in Boise, Idaho, in February 1992. She is on death row in the Pocatello Womans Correctional Center in Pocatello, Idaho.Michelle Sue Tharp was 29 and lived in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, when she starved her 7-year- old daughter to death in April 1998. She is in the Muncy state prison in Muncy, Pennsylvania.Caroline Young was 49 when she killed her 4-year-old granddaughter and 6-year-old grandson, for whom she had been granted custody, in Haywood, California, in June 1993. She died of kidney failure at the Central California Womens Facility in September 2005. Korbin said that people who know parents who end up killing their children usually see clues that something is wrong with the parents but dont know how to deal with the information: Prior to a homicide, lots of laypeople know these men and women are having difficulty parenting. The public has to be better educated in recognizing how to intervene and how to support child abuse prevention.

Examine the Factors That Determine the Price of Oil in the...

An Economic Analysis of the Current Oil Market amp; Prices PREPARED BY: Teoh Chern Shi ID NO: B0075JMJM1112 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SEMESTER: Semester one LECTURER: Ellie Semsar DATE: 20th February 2012 ------------------------------------------------- * * Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1 Objective 3 2 Introduction 4 3 Analyze Current prices of oil 5 4 Factors determine the price of oil 7 4.1 Demand and Supply 7 4.2 Exchange Rate 9 4.3 Location 9 4.4 Government policies affect oil prices 9 5 Factors that Determine Market Oil Demand 10 5.1 The price of the main product 10 5.2 The price of†¦show more content†¦(Worldoils, 2012) Figure 3 Historical Oil Prices Chart for 10 Years From the chart above, we can see that the price of oil increasing from 2002 to 2008, and face a dramatically drop in 2008, and face an increasing trend onwards. The drop in 2008 due to the slow economic growth and reduce the consumption of oil around the world. Factors determine the price of oil There are variety factors determine the price of oil, it’s including quantity of demand, stability of supply, currency exchange rate, location and government policies. Demand and Supply P Price of oil (USD) Q Quantity (Gallon) Oil Market Supply Curve Demand Curve Q1 P1 Figure 4: Demand and Supply curve The main factor that affects the price of oil in the market is supplies and demands. â€Å"An Oil market is like a global auction, the highest bidder will win the supply. When the demand is high and the supply is low, the bidder needs to pay higher price to buy the oil; when the supply is abundant over the current demand level, the bidder will wait and purchase at the lowest price as possible.† (Khodorkovsky) Besides, due to the rapid economic expansion in some country like China, Brazil, Russia and India, the demand for oil product is increased dramatically. â€Å"Global oil consumption grew by a below-average 0.7% per day.† (BP, 2012) This lead the price of oil grows up every year. The chart below shows the top tenShow MoreRelatedTrade Reforms Policy Impacts on Non-Oil Exports in Nigeria11960 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Trade policy is defined as, a governments policy controlling foreign trade and the central objective of trade policy is to provide protection for domestic industries and reduce the perceived dependence on imports; a corollary to that objective was a desire to reduce the level of unemployment and generate more revenues from the non-oil sector. Non-oil export sector in Nigeria constitutes products of agriculture, industry and services thatRead MoreEffects of Finanacial Crises on Nigerian Capital Market5207 Words   |  21 Pagesthe stock market SERE-EJEMBI, (2008). Around the world stock market indicators started falling. The capital market, vis-à  -vis the stock market, is a channel through which national economies receive foreign capital flows that make their tendency towards the global economy easy visible. Developments in the market thus become a reflect ion of global financial development. The level of responsiveness, however, depends on the level of development, exposure and insulation of the domestic market from theRead MoreStrategic Management of Uk Oil and Gas Industry3911 Words   |  16 PagesOF ANALYSIS OF UK OIL AND GAS SECTOR 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 UK OIL SECTOR OVERVIEW The oil and gas industry is a large Industry and contributes a critical role in driving the global economy (Sam’s et. al., 2006).The upstream section of the Industry is involved with the first stage of exploration and production, the midstream section involves the transportation of crude through pipelines, ships e.t.c to the refineries. 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Basically there are four major market structuresRead MoreProblems and Prospect of Marketing Petroleum in Nigeria15386 Words   |  62 Pageseconomy, i.e. to examine the problem and prospect of marketing petroleum product in Nigeria using NNPC as a case study. Another objective may include examining the level and performance of NNPC in the marketing and distribution of petroleum products, to critically review refinery installed capacity supply and demand of petroleum products. The objective of this study is to find the way of reducing or solve the problem of fuel scarcity Nigerian at a convenient and affordable price. 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Clinical Chemistry In Medicine Essay Example For Students

Clinical Chemistry In Medicine Essay Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinicalchemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologicconditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individualtests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many bodysystems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings giveinformation about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas andabout muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry testsavailable to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more commontests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Likemost of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantlyrenewed. In the course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination,the removal of the amino group. Deamination, which takes placeprincipally in the liver, results in the formation of ammonia. In the liver,the ammonia is quickly converted to urea, which is relatively nontoxic,and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readilyremoved through the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Any disease orcondition that reduces glomerular filtration or increases proteincatabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is a wasteproduct derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulus andblood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscletissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by anonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a ratherconsistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into threemajor categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes includeheart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes includeurethral obstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. Truerenal disease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raisesBUN and creatin ine levels when over 70% of the nephrons becomenonfunctional (Sodikoff, 1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucoselevel in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits. Inadequateor excessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucosecan affect nearly every system in the body. Low blood glucose levels(hypoglycemia) may be caused by pancreatic tumors (over-production ofinsulin), starvation, hypoadrenocorticism, hypopituitarism, and severeexertion. Elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) can occur indiabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism,hyperpituitarism, anoxia (because of the instability of liver glycogen inoxygen deficiency), certain physiologic conditions (exposure to cold,digestion) and pancreatic necrosis (because the pancreas produces insulinwhich controls blood glucose levels). Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. During periods of low blood glucose, gl ucagonstimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and inhibits glucosebreakdown by glycolysis in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis bygluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters thebloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-rich meal, theresulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion anddecreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake bymuscle tissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulinalso activates glycogen synthase so that much of theglucose-6-phosphate is converted to glycogen. It also stimulates thestorage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger, 1993). With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues andaccumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into theurine. Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of theaccumulation of glucose and polyuria (excessive urination) results. Inorder to prevent dehydration, more water than normal is consum ed(polydipsia). In the absence of insulin, fatty acids released form adiposetissue are converted to ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyricacid, and acetone). Although ketone bodies can be used a energysources, insulin deficiency impairs the ability of tissues to use ketonebodies, which accumulate in the blood. Because they are acids, ketonesmay exhaust the ability of the body to maintain normal pH. Ketones areexcreted by the kidneys, drawing water with them into the urine. Ketonesare also negatively charged and draw positively charged ions (sodium,potassium, calcium) with them into urine. Some other results of diabetesmellitus are cataracts (because of abnormal glucose metabolism in thelens which results in the accumulation of water), abnormal neutrophilfunction (resulting in greater susceptibility to infection), and an enlargedliver (due to fat accumulation) (Fraser, 1991). Bilirubin is a bile pigment derived from the breakdown of heme by thereticuloendothelial system. T he reticuloendothelial system filters out anddestroys spent red blood cells yielding a free iron molecule andultimately, bilirubin. Bilirubin binds to serum albumin, which restricts itfrom urinary excretion, and is transported to the liver. In the liver,bilirubin is changed into bilirubin diglucuronide, which is sufficientlywater soluble to be secreted with other components of bile into the smallintestine. Impaired liver function or blocked bile secretion causesbilirubin to leak into the blood, resulting in a yellowing of the skin andeyeballs (jaundice). Determination of bilirubin concentration in the bloodis useful in diagnosing liver disease (Lehninger, 1993). Increasedbilirubin can also be caused by hemolysis, bile duct obstruction, fever,and starvation (Bistner, 1995). Two important serum lipids are cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterolis a precursor to bile salts and steroid hormones. The principle bile salts,taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid, are important in the dige stion offood and the solubilization of ingested fats. The desmolase reactionconverts cholesterol, in mitochondria, to pregnenolone which istransported to the endoplasmic reticulum and converted to progesterone. This is the precursor to all other steroid hormones (Garrett, 1995). Triglycerides are the main form in which lipids are stored and are thepredominant type of dietary lipid. They are stored in specialized cellscalled adipocytes (fat cells) under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, andin the mammary glands. As stored fuels, triglycerides have an advantageover polysaccharides because they are unhydrated and lack the extrawater weight of polysaccharides. Also, because the carbon atoms aremore reduced than those of sugars, oxidation of triglycerides yields morethan twice as much energy, gram for gram, as that of carbohydrates(Lehninger, 1993). Hyperlipidemia refers to an abnormally high concentration of triglycerideand/or cholesterol in the blood. Primary hyperlipidemia is an inheriteddisorder of lipid metabolism. Secondary hyperlipidemias are usuallyassociated with pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, proteinlosing glomerulonephropathies, glucocorticosteroid administration, a nd avariety of liver abnormalities. Hypolipidemia is almost always a result ofmalnutrition (Barrie, 1995). Alkaline phosphatase is present in high concentration in bone and liver. Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay ThesisThe ionized forms of calcium are biologically active. If the circulatinglevel falls, the bones are used as a source of calcium. Primary control of blood calcium is dependent on parathyroid hormone,calcitonin, and the presence of vitamin D. Parathyroid hormonemaintains blood calcium level by increasing its absorption in theintestines from food and reducing its excretion by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone also stimulates the release of calcium into theblood stream from the bones. Hyperparathyroidism, caused by tumors ofthe parathyroid, causes the bones to lose too much calcium and becomesoft and fragile. Calcitonin produces a hypocalcemic effect by inhibitingthe effect of parathyroid hormone and preventing calcium from leavingbones. Vitamin D stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption in thesmall intestine and increases calcium and phosphate utilization frombone. Hypercalcemia may be caused by abnormal calcium/phosphorusratio, hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, and hyperproteinemia. Hypocalcemia may be caused by hypoproteinemia, renal failure, orpancreatitis (Bistner, 1995). Because approximately 98 percent of the total body potassium is found atthe intracellular level, potassium is the major intracellular cation. Thiscation is filtered by the glomeruli in the kidneys and nearly completelyreabsorbed by the proximal tubules. It is then excreted by the distaltubules. There is no renal threshold for potassium and it continues to beexcreted in the urine even in low potassium states. Therefore, the bodyhas no mechanism to prevent excessive loss of potassium(Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Potassium plays a critical role in maintaining the normal cellular andmuscular function. Any imbalance of the bodys potassium level,increased or decreased, may result in neuromuscular dysfunction,especially in the heart muscle. Serious, and sometimes fatal, arrythmiasmay develop. A low serum potassium level, hypokalemia, occurs withmajor fluid loss in gastrointestinal disorders (i.e., vomit ing, diarrhea),renal disease, diuretic therapy, diabetes mellitus, or mineralocorticoiddysfunction (i.e., Cushings disease). An increased serum potassiumlevel, hyperkalemia, occurs most often in urinary obstruction, anuria, oracute renal disease (Bistner, 1995). Sodium and its related anions (i.e., chloride and bicarbonate) areprimarily responsible for the osmotic attraction and retention of water inthe extracellular fluid compartments. The endothelial membrane is freelypermeable to these small electrolytes. Sodium is the most abundantextracellular cation, however, very little is present intracellularly. Themain functions of sodium in the body include maintenance of membranepotentials and initiation of action potentials in excitable membranes. Thesodium concentration also largely determines the extracellular osmolarityand volume. The differential concentration of sodium is the principalforce for the movement of water across cellular membranes. In addition,sodium is involved in the a bsorption of glucose and some amino acidsfrom the gastrointestinal tract (Lehninger, 1993). Sodium is ingestedwith food and water, and is lost from the body in urine, feces, and sweat. Most sodium secreted into the GI tract is reabsorbed. The excretion ofsodium is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Decreased serum sodium levels, hyponatremia, can be seen in adrenalinsufficiency, inadequate sodium intake, renal insufficiency, vomiting ordiarrhea, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hypernatremia may occur indehydration, water deficit, hyperadrenocorticism, and central nervoussystem trauma or disease (Bistner, 1995). Chloride is the major extracellular anion. Chloride and bicarbonate ionsare important in the maintenance of acid-base balance. When chloride inthe form of hydrochloric acid or ammonium chloride is lost, alkalosisfollows; when chloride is retained or ingested, acidosis follows. Elevatedserum chloride levels, hyperchloremia, can be seen in renal disease,dehydration, overtreatment with saline solution, and carbon dioxidedeficit (as occurs from hyperventilation). Decreased serum chloridelevels, hypochloremia, can be seen in diarrhea and vomiting, renaldisease, overtreatment with certain diuretics, diabetic acidosis,hypoventilation (as occurs in pneumonia or emphysema), and adrenalinsufficiency (de Morais, 1995). As seen above, one to two milliliters of blood can give a clinician a greatinsight to the way an animals systems are functioning. With many moretests available and being developed every day, diagnosis becomes lessinvasive to the patient. The more information that is made available tothe doctor allows a faster diagnosis and recovery for the patient. BibliographyBibliography Barrie, Joan and Timothy D. G. Watson. ?Hyperlipidemia.? Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Bistner, Stephen l. Kirk and Bistners Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. de Morais, HSA and William W. Muir. ?Strong Ions and Acid-Base Disorders.? Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Fraser, Clarence M., ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual, Seventh Edition. Rahway, N. J.: Merck Co., 1991. Garrett, Reginald H. and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing, 1995. Lehninger, Albert, David Nelson and Michael Cox. Principles of Biochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers, 1993. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and environment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Sodikoff, Charles. Labratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases. Santa Barbara: American Veterinary Publications, 1995. Science